Novel process for the preparation of cyclosporin derivatives

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns a novel method for preparing an intermediate polyanion for preparing cyclosporin derivatives by treating a cyclosporin with a hexamethyldisilazane metal salt, optionally in the presence of a metal halide. The treated cyclosporin has one or several free hydroxy groups and/or non-methylated nitrogen atoms in position α and/or any other acid group capable of deprotonation which are optionally deprotonated or in protected form.

This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/797,992, filed May 9, 2007, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/742,008, filed Dec. 22, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,905, which is a continuation of International Application No. WO 99/67280, published Dec. 29, 1999, which claims the benefit of French Patent Application No. 98/07846, filed Jun. 22, 1998, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of cyclosporin derivatives modified at the 3-position which comprises treating a cyclosporin with a hexamethyldisilazane metal salt.

Cyclosporins constitute a group of cyclic poly-N-methylated undecapeptides which in most cases possess immunosuppressant, antiinflammatory, and antiparasitic properties but which can also be non-immunosuppressants and can be active with regard to HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

One of the first natural cyclosporins to have been isolated is known by the name of cyclosporin A, the structure of which is as follows:

Today, numerous natural cyclosporins are known and isolated (for example, cyclosporins A to Z, hereinafter known as “cyclosporins”) and numerous synthetic cyclosporins have been prepared (hereinafter known as “cyclosporin derivatives”).

Cyclosporin derivatives modified at the 3-positions can currently be obtained according to the method disclosed in European Patent EP 194,972. This method consists, in particular, in treating, in a first step, a cyclosporin with an organometallic derivative under an inert atmosphere and in then preparing, in a second step, cyclosporin derivatives modified at the 3-position by addition of an electrophilic agent. The main disadvantage of this method lies in the fact that the overall yield is generally extremely low. Furthermore, it is necessary to operate in the presence of a very large excess of electrophile. Furthermore, a significant amount of the S epimer, with respect to the R epimer, is formed by this method and a separation stage is therefore necessary.

Applicant has now shown that the process according to the invention makes it possible to result in cyclosporin derivatives modified at the 3-position with a markedly improved yield. Another advantage of this process lies in the fact that the reaction is carried out at a higher temperature and with a lower excess of electrophile, which facilitates implementation on an industrial scale. Applicant has also demonstrated that the R epimer is formed more selectively.

The present invention thus comprises preparation of a polyanion, which is an intermediate in the preparation of cyclosporin derivatives, by treatment of a cyclosporin with a hexamethyldisilazane metal salt, optionally in the presence of a metal halide.

The polyanion obtained has the general formula:

in which

is a cyclosporin in which one or more free hydroxyl groups and/or one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and/or any other deprotonatable acidic group are optionally deprotonated or are in the protected form.

The reaction is generally carried out in an aliphatic or cyclic ether, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a mixture of these solvents. Mention may be made, by way of example, of tetrahydrofuran (THF), t-butyl methyl ether (TBME), dimethoxyethane (DME), anisole, dioxane, and toluene. The reaction is typically carried out in TBME or in THF in the presence of an aromatic hydrocarbon.

The treatment of the cyclosporin is carried out at a temperature ranging from −40 to 0° C. The reaction is typically initiated at a temperature ranging from −25 to −15° C.

The reaction is carried out according to the invention in the presence of 20 to 30 molar equivalents of hexamethyldisilazane metal salt, and usually between 23 and 28 molar equivalents. The hexamethyldisilazane metal salt can be, by way of example, a hexamethyldisilazane alkali metal salt. Typically, it can be the hexamethyldisilazane lithium salt, the hexamethyldisilazane sodium salt, or the hexamethyldisilazane potassium salt. The reaction is usually carried out in the presence of the hexamethyldisilazane lithium salt.

According to an alternative form of the invention, the preparation of the cyclosporin polyanion can be carried out in the presence of at least one metal halide. The at least one metal halide can, for example, be lithium chloride, caesium chloride, caesium fluoride, mercuric chloride, cuprous chloride, and the like. The reaction can be carried out in the presence of from 2 to 8 molar equivalents of caesium or lithium chloride, and can be carried out in the presence of from 5 to 7 molar equivalents of caesium chloride.

Furthermore, the ratio (weight/weight) of cyclosporin involved with respect to the total weight of the solution is generally less than or equal to 10%. The reaction is typically carried out with a cyclosporin ratio of less than or equal to 6%. Usually, between 2 and 5% of cyclosporin is introduced.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the polyanion obtained has the formula:

in which: i) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; or ii) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A, with the exception of R₄ and Z₄, which are defined so as to have, at the 4-position, the amino acid 4′-hydroxy-methylleucine; or iii) the radicals R₂ and R₅ to R₁₁, and Z₂ and Z₅ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and

Z₁ is a methyl group and R₁ has the formula:

-   -   in which R is a radical of formula —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—R′ in which R′         is an alkylthio, aminoalkylthio, alkylaminoalkylthio,         dialkylaminoalkylthio, pyrimidinylthio, thiazolylthio,         N-alkylimidazolylthio, hydroxyalkylphenylthio,         hydroxyalkylphenyloxy, nitrophenylamino, or 2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl         radical; or     -   R is a radical of formula —CH₂—S-Alk in which Alk is an alkyl         group; and     -   Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position, an         amino acid methyl leucine (MeLeu) or 4′-hydroxy-MeLeu; or         iv)     -   Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a         substituted homothreonine of general formula:

R_(i)—CH₂CH(CH₃)—CH(OH)—CH(NHCH₃)—COOH  (IIIb)

-   -   -   in which R_(i) is n-propyl or propenyl and the double bond             usually exhibits a trans configuration; and

    -   R₂ and Z₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position,         α-aminobutyric acid (αAbu), valine (Val), norvaline (Nva), or         threonine (Thr); and

    -   R₄ and Z₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position,         N-methyl-γ-hydroxyleucine or N-methyl-γ-acetyloxyleucine; and

    -   R₅ and Z₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position,         Val; and

    -   R₆, Z₆, R₉, Z₉, R₁₀, and Z₁₀ are radicals such that there is, at         the 6-, 9-, and 10-positions, N-MeLeu; and

    -   Z₇ and R₇ are radicals such that there is, at the 7-position,         alanine (Ala); and

    -   Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position,         D-Ala or D-serine; and

    -   Z₁₁ and R₁₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 11-position,         N-methylvaline; or         v) Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position,         a methyl (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine (MeBmt)         radical or a radical having the general formula:

-   -   in which R_(j) is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radicals, a         lower alkenyl, a lower haloalkyl, an aryl, a lower alkyloxy, an         alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, a hydroxymethyl, a lower alkylthio, an         alkylthioC₁₋₆alkyl, a C₁₋₆ mercaptoalkyl, or a heteroaryl;         -   it being possible for the aryl and heteroaryl radicals to be             substituted with one or more functional groups chosen from:             C₁₋₆ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkanoyl; C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; halo; cyano; C₁₋₃             hydroxyalkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyloxy; C₁₋₆ alkyl-S(O)_(n), where n=0,             1, or 2; NR_(b)COR_(c), in which R_(b) and R_(c)             independently are H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NO₂, —NR_(b)R_(c),             —OR_(b), —CONR_(b)R_(c), —COR_(b), —NR_(b)CONR_(b)R_(c),             NR_(b)COR_(c), —OCOR_(b), —SCOR_(b), or —OCH₂O—; and     -   R_(a) is a lower alkyl; and     -   Z₁ is a lower alkyl, a lower phenylalkyl, or an aryl; and     -   X is S, SO, SO₂, O, or NR_(b); and     -   Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position,         the amino acid L-2-aminobutyric acid, Nva, L-Thr, or the same         amino acid as at the 1-position; and     -   Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position,         the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine; and     -   Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position,         the amino acid L-Val or Nva; and     -   Z₆ and R₆ are radicals such that there is, at the 6-position,         the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine; and     -   Z₇ and R₇ are radicals such that there is, at the 7-position,         the amino acid L-Ala, L-2-aminobutyric acid, or L-phenylalanine;         and     -   Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position,         the amino acid D-Ala or L-Ala; and     -   Z₉ and R₉ are radicals such that there is, at the 9-position,         the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine or N-methyl-L-Val; and     -   Z₁₀ and R₁₀ are radicals such that there is, at the 10-position,         the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine or L-leucine; and     -   Z₁₁ and R₁₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 11-position,         the amino acid N-methyl-L-Val, L-Val, or L-2-aminobutyric acid;         or         vi) the radicals R₄ to R₁₁ and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for         cyclosporin A; and     -   Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position,         the amino acid MeBmt or dihydro-MeBmt; and     -   Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position,         the amino acid aAbu, Thr, Val, or Nva; or         vii) the radicals R₇ to R₁₁ and Z₇ to Z₁₁ are defined as for         cyclosporin A; and     -   Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position,         the amino acid MeBmt, dihydro-MeBmt, or 8′-hydroxy-MeBmt; and     -   Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position,         the amino acid aAbu, Val, Thr, Nva, or MeOThr; and     -   Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position,         the amino acid MeLeu, γ-hydroxy-MeLeu, Melle, MeVal, MeThr,         MeAla, Mealle, or MeaThr; and     -   Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position,         the amino acid Val, Leu, MeVal, or MeLeu; and     -   Z₆ and R₆ are radicals such that there is, at the 6-position,         the amino acid MeLeu, γ-hydroxy-MeLeu, or MeAla;         provided that, when R₄ and Z₄ are MeLeu, then R₅ and Z₅ are         MeVal or MeLeu, or R₁ and Z₁ are 8′-hydroxy-MeBmt; or         viii) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to         Z₁₁ define a cyclosporin in which the 3′ carbon of the residue         the 1-position or the β carbon of the residue at the 2-position         is substituted by O-acyl or oxo; and     -   Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a         residue of general formula

-   -   -   in which —V—W— is CH₂—CH₂ or trans CH═CH, and ACYL is an             acyl group; and

    -   Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, an         amino acid aAbu, Val, Thr, Nva, or a β-O-acylated α-amino acid;         and

    -   Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, an         amino acid Val or Nva when there is simultaneously an amino acid         Nva at the 2-position; and

    -   Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, an         amino acid D-Ala or a β-O-acylated or β-hydroxylated α-amino         acid having the D configuration; and

    -   the radicals at the 4-, 6-, 7-, and 9- to 11-positions are         defined as for cyclosporin A; and         one or more hydroxyl groups and/or one or more non-methylated         nitrogen atoms at the α position and/or any other deprotonatable         acidic group present in general formula (II) are optionally         deprotonated or are optionally in the protected form.

The polyanions of general formula (II) resulting from the process according to the invention are useful as intermediates in the preparation of cyclosporin derivatives of general formula:

in which: 1) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above in i) and R₃ is a radical —S-Alk-R^(o) in which:

-   -   Alk is an alkylene radical comprising from 2 to 6 straight- or         branched-chain carbon atoms or a cycloalkylene radical         comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and     -   R^(o) is         -   a carboxyl or alkyloxycarbonyl radical; or         -   an —NG₁G₂ radical in which G₁ and G₂, which are identical or             different, are each             -   a hydrogen atom; or             -   a phenyl, cycloalkyl (C₃₋₆), alkenyl (C₂₋₄, or alkyl                 radicals, each of which is optionally substituted by a                 halogen atom, or an alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, amino,                 alkylamino, or dialkylamino radical; or             -   a benzyl radical or a saturated or unsaturated                 heterocyclyl radical comprising 5 or 6 ring members and                 from 1 to 3 heteroatoms;             -   or             -   G₁ and G₂ form, with the nitrogen atom to which they are                 attached, a saturated or unsaturated heterocycle                 comprising from 4 to 6 ring members which can comprise                 another heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, and                 sulphur and which is optionally substituted by alkyl,                 phenyl, or benzyl; or         -   a radical of general formula:

-   -   -   in which G₁ and G₂ are defined as above, G₃ is a hydrogen             atom or an alkyl radical, and n is an integer from 2 to 4,             and the alkyl portions or radicals defined above are             straight or branched and comprise from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;             or             2) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above             in ii) and R₃ is —S—CH₃ or a radical —S-Alk-R^(o) in which:

    -   Alk is an alkylene radical comprising from 2 to 6 straight- or         branched-chain carbon atoms or a cycloalkylene radical         comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and

    -   R^(o) is         -   a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or alkyloxycarbonyl radical; or         -   an —NG₁G₂ radical or a radical of general formula:

-   -   -   as defined above;             -   3) the R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ radicals are as defined                 above in iii) and R₃ is a radical of structure                 —S-Alk-R^(o) in which:

    -   Alk is an alkylene radical comprising from 2 to 6 straight- or         branched-chain carbon atoms or a cycloalkylene radical         comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and

    -   R^(o) is         -   a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or alkyloxycarbonyl             radical; or         -   an —NG₁G₂ radical in which G₁ and G₂, which are identical or             different, are each             -   a hydrogen atom; or             -   a phenyl, cycloalkyl (C₃₋₆), or alkyl radical, each of                 which is optionally substituted by a halogen atom, or an                 alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, or                 dialkylamino radical; or             -   a benzyl radical or a saturated or unsaturated                 heterocyclyl radical comprising 5 or 6 ring members and                 from 1 to 3 heteroatoms; or             -   G₁ and G₂ form, with the nitrogen atom to which they are                 attached, a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle which can                 comprise another heteroatom chosen from nitrogen,                 oxygen, and sulphur, and which is optionally substituted                 by alkyl; or         -   a radical of general formula:

-   -   -   as defined above; or             -   4) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined                 above in iv) and R₃ is a radical chosen from:

    -   straight or branched alkyl (C₂₋₆), alkenyl, or alkynyl radicals,         each of which is optionally substituted by a hydroxyl, amino,         C₁₋₄ alkylamino, C₁₋₃ dialkylamino, alkyloxy, or acyloxy group;

    -   COOG₄ or CONHG₄, in which G₄ is a straight or branched alkyl         comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

    -   —Y-G₅, in which Y is S or O and G₅ is a straight or branched         C₁₋₄ alkyl, a straight or branched alkenyl, or a straight or         branched alkynyl, and in which, if Y is S, G₅ can also be an         aryl or a heteroaryl;

    -   a halo or cyano group; and

    -   CHG₆G₇, in which G₆ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl, ethyl, or         phenyl group, and G₇ is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl, halo,         amino, C₁₋₄ alkylamino, C₁₋₄ dialkylamino, acyloxy,         t-butoxycarbonylaminoethoxyacetyloxy, or alkyloxycarbonyl group;         or         5) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above         in v) and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position,         an α-(methylmercapto)sarcosyl or N-methyl-D-alanyl residue; or         6) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above         in vi) and R₃ is a C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl,         mercaptoC₁₋₆alkyl, aminoC₁₋₆alkyl,         C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino(C₁₋₄alkyl), nitroC₂₋₆alkyl,         cyanoC₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkyl),         C₁₋₆alkylthio-(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl),         C₂₋₇diazoalkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), carboxy(C₁₋₆alkyl),         C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₄alkyl),         aminocarbonyloxy(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₁₋₄alkanoyloxy)(C₁₋₄alkyl),         amino(C₂₋₉alkoxycarbonyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl), C₂₋₇alkylcarbonyl,         C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆alkylthio, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkylthio,         C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio),         C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl),         C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl),         aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio),         C₂₋₁₁-aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio),         aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl),         aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl),         aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl),         aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyl,         C₃₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₆alkynyl, haloC₃₋₆alkenyl, haloC₃₋₆alkynyl,         hydroxyC₃₋₆alkenyl, aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), hydroxylated         aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl),         hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl),         arylthio, heteroarylthio,         aryl(C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino)(C₁₋₄alkyl), halo, or cyano         radical, or a radical of formula Q-(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—CO—O—CH₂—, in         which n is 1, 2, or 3 and Q is amino; or         7) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above         in vii) and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the         3-position, an amino acid D-MeAla; or         8) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined above         in viii) and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the         3-position, an α-amino acid which is N-methylated at the α         position and which has the D configuration.

The cyclosporin derivatives of general formula (IV) can be obtained by addition of an electrophilic agent to a polyanion of general formula (II). When the radicals of this agent can interfere with the reaction, it is typical to protect them beforehand with compatible radicals which can be put in place and removed without affecting the remainder of the molecule. The addition can be followed, if appropriate, by stages of separation and purification of the cyclosporin derivative of formula (IV) according to methods known to a person skilled in the art.

The cyclosporin derivatives of general formula (IV), the radicals of which are defined as in 1), 2), 3), or 4), in which R₃ is S-G₅, can be obtained by addition to a polyanion of general formula (II) of a disulphide of general formula

G-S—S-G  (VI)

in which G is Alk-R^(o) or G₅ as defined above in 1), 2), 3), or 4). The functional groups of the polyanion which can interfere with the reaction can, if appropriate, be protected beforehand, followed by removal, if appropriate, of the protective radical/radicals.

The disulphide of general formula (VI) is generally added either pure or in solution in an organic solvent, such as an aliphatic or cyclic ether (for example, THF, TBME, or DME) or a hydrocarbon (for example, toluene), at a temperature ranging from −40 to 0° C.

The addition of the disulphide is typically carried out at a temperature ranging from −25 to −15° C., inclusive.

After addition of the disulphide of general formula (VI), the reaction mixture can be brought to a temperature of greater than 0° C. The reaction mixture is usually maintained at a temperature ranging from 0 to 30° C. and the progress of the reaction is monitored according to methods known to a person skilled in the art. More typically, the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging from 15 to 25° C., inclusive.

The disulphide of general formula (VI) can be obtained from two equivalents of a compound of general formula G-SH in which G is Alk-R^(o) or G₅ as defined above in 1), 2), 3), or 4). The reaction can be carried out in an oxidizing medium, in an organic solvent (for example, in diethyl ether or in dichloromethane), or in an alcohol (for example, methanol or ethanol), and in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide. The oxidizing medium is typically obtained by passing oxygen or by addition of diiodine in an organic solvent, for example, diethyl ether. The alkali metal hydroxide is typically sodium hydroxide.

When the radicals of the G radical can interfere with the reaction, it is preferable to protect them beforehand with compatible radicals which can be put in place and removed without affecting the remainder of the molecule. Furthermore, the hydroxyl radicals present on the cyclosporin can optionally be protected with any group which does not interfere with the reaction.

By way of example, the protective groups can be chosen from the radicals described by T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, J. Wiley-Interscience Publication (1991), or by McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press (1973), the disclosure of each of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.

In the general formula (V), when G₁ and/or G₂ are a heterocyclyl group, the latter can be chosen from pyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl, piperidyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, and thiazolyl.

When G₁ and G₂ form a heterocycle with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, the heterocyclyl radical can be chosen, by way of example, from azetidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, N-methylpiperazinyl, N-phenylpiperazinyl, N-benzylpiperazinyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, tetrahydropyridyl, methyltetrahydropyridyl (for example, 4-methyltetrahydropyridyl), and phenyltetrahydropyridyl (for example, 4-phenyltetrahydropyridyl).

The thioalkylation reaction can be followed, if appropriate, by stages of separation and/or purification of the cyclosporin derivative of general formula (IV) according to methods known to a person skilled in the art. Typically, they can be carried out by methods such as crystallization or chromatography.

The derivatives of general formula (IV), in which the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined in 4), with the exception of R₃ which is S-G₅, can be obtained from the polyanion according to the invention by the methods disclosed in Patent Application WO 97/04005, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein, or by any other equivalent method.

The derivatives of general formula (IV), in which the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined in 5), can be obtained from the polyanion according to the invention by analogy with the methods disclosed in Patent Application EP 194,972, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.

The derivatives of general formula (IV), in which the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined in 6), can be obtained from the polyanion according to the invention by the methods disclosed in Patent Application EP 194,972, or by any other equivalent method.

The derivatives of general formula (IV), in which the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined in 7), can be obtained from the polyanion according to the invention by analogy with the methods disclosed in Patent Application EP 194,972.

The derivatives of general formula (IV), in which the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are as defined in 8), can be obtained from the polyanion according to the invention by analogy with the methods disclosed in Patent Application EP 194,972.

It is understood that the cyclosporin derivatives obtained can optionally be converted to salts, when they exist.

The cyclosporin derivatives as defined in 1), 2), 3), 4), and 7) are of use in the treatment and/or the prophylaxis of retrovirus infections and more typically of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and of associated syndromes [ARC (AIDS related complex)]. They exhibit the advantage of being slightly immunosuppressing.

The cyclosporin derivatives as defined in 5) exhibit an immunosuppressant activity and are thus of use in the treatment of various chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases.

The cyclosporin derivatives as defined in 6) and in 8) have:

either an immunosuppressant activity, and they are thus of use in the treatment and/or the prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases or in preventing rejection of transplanted organs; or

an antiinflammatory activity, and they are thus of use in the treatment of inflammations, such as, for example, arthritis and rheumatic diseases; or

an antiparasitic activity, and they are, for example, of use in the treatment of schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, coccidioidomycosis, or malaria.

The following examples, given without implied limitation, illustrate the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]3-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A

68 cm³ of toluene and 40 cm³ of TBME ether were introduced into a reactor, under a nitrogen atmosphere, maintained at −20° C., and comprising a solution of 36.8 g of hexamethyldisilazane lithium salt in 104 cm³ of TBME. A portion of 9.6 g of [4-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was added with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at a temperature in the region of −20° C. and then 8.3 g of caesium chloride were added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then 25.5 g of di[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]disulphide were added over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then brought to a temperature in the region of 25° C. over approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes. After stirring for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature in the region of −10° C. and 14.4 cm³ of acetic acid were run in. Finally, 200 ml of water were added without maintaining the temperature and then the organic phase was separated off after separating by settling.

HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis with external standardization of the organic phase showed that the reaction mixture comprised 3.95 g of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A, which corresponds to a molar yield of 38%.

[(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was isolated in the following way:

After addition of 100 cm³ of distilled water to the organic phase, the mixture was cooled to 5° C. The pH of the aqueous phase was brought to 6.5 over approximately 30 minutes with stirring by dropwise addition of methanesulphonic acid (approximately 21 cm³). 20 g of alumina were subsequently added to the organic phase, separated by settling, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the solid recovered was rinsed with TBME. The organic phases were subsequently combined and 200 ml of distilled water were added. The pH was then adjusted to 2 by addition of methanesulphonic acid with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and 50 cm³ of acetonitrile were added. Finally, the organic phase was separated by settling and then discarded. The aqueous phase was concentrated under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 30° C. until the organic solvents were completely removed. The pH of the aqueous phase was then brought to 9 by addition of 20% aqueous ammonia solution with stirring. Crude [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A then precipitated from the aqueous phase. After isolating by filtering the precipitate and then drying at 40° C. for approximately 12 hours under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa), 6 g of crude [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A were obtained.

A portion of 1 g of crude [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was purified by chromatography on a silica column (0.63-0.20 mm; eluent: 85/15/1 acetonitrile/methanol/ammonia (20% aq.) by volume). The fractions comprising the expected product were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) and gave 0.4 g of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A in the form of a white solid.

¹H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 1.23 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H, 8β CH₃), 1.33 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H, 7β CH₃), 1.60 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H, 1η CH₃), 1.68 and 2.36 (2 dd, J=15 and 6.5 Hz, each 1H, 4β CH₂), 2.23 (broad s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂ of the 2-dimethylaminoethylthio at 3α), 2.40 (mt, 1H, 5β CH), from 2.50 to 2.85 (mt, 4H, SCH₂CH₂N of the 2-dimethylaminoethylthio at 3α), 2.68, 3.09, 3.16, 3.22, 3.42, and 3.47 (6s, respectively 6H, 3H, 3H, 3H, 3H and 3H, 7 NCH₃), 3.63 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H, OH at 1β), 3.72 (mt, 1H, 1β CH), 4.52 (mt, 1H, 7α CH), 4.61 (t, J=9 Hz, 1H, 5α CH), 4.81 (mt, 1H, 8α CH), 4.95 (dd, J=9 and 6 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), from 5.00 to 5.10 (mt, 2H, 2α CH and α CH of a leucine), 5.10 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H, 11α CH), from 5.20 to 5.35 (mt, 2H, CH═CH), 5.40 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H, 4α CH), 5.47 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H, 1α CH), 5.68 (dd, J=10.5 and 4 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), 5.96 (s, 1H, 3α CH), 7.12 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H, CONH at 8), 7.46 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H, CONH at 5), 7.60 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 7), 7.92 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 2).

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of the Methanesulphonate Salt of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A

38 cm³ of toluene and 25 cm³ of TBME were introduced into a reactor, under a nitrogen atmosphere, maintained at −20° C. comprising a solution of 20.8 g of hexamethyldisilazane lithium salt in 58 cm³ of TBME. 5.1 g of cyclosporin A were added in one portion with stirring, followed by 15 cm³ of TBME. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at a temperature in the region of −20° C. and then 4.4 g of caesium chloride were added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then 13.9 g of di[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]disulphide were added over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was brought to a temperature in the region of 25° C. over approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes. After stirring for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature of approximately −10° C. and 10 cm³ of acetic acid were run in. Finally, 75 cm³ of water were added without maintaining the temperature and then the organic phase was separated by settling.

HPLC analysis with external standardization of the organic phase showed that the reaction mixture comprised 2.9 g of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A, which corresponds to a molar yield of 53%.

The methanesulphonate salt of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A was isolated in the following way:

The organic phase obtained above was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 35° C. The orange oily residue obtained (16.13 g) was treated with 240 cm³ of diethyl ether, 1.3 litres of distilled water, and 40 cm³ of 5N hydrochloric acid. The organic phase was separated by settling and discarded.

The aqueous phase was extracted with 250 cm³ of diethyl ether and it was then neutralized by addition of solid sodium bicarbonate until saturated. The said neutralized aqueous phase was then extracted with 250 cm³ of diethyl ether. The organic phase was separated by settling and separated off, and the aqueous phase was again extracted with 250 cm³ of diethyl ether.

The combined organic phases were washed with a total of 180 cm³ of a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulphate, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 30° C. and yielded 4.5 g of crude [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A in the form of a cream foam. A portion of 1 g of the crude [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A was purified by chromatography on a column of neutral alumina (eluent: 1/4 cyclohexane/ethyl acetate by volume). The fractions comprising the expected product were combined and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 35° C. and gave 0.4 g of a white foam. The [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A obtained was rechromatographed on a column of neutral alumina (eluent: 1/4 cyclohexane/ethyl acetate by volume). The fractions comprising the expected product were combined and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 35° C. and gave 0.1 g of a white foam.

The said white foam was dissolved in 0.5 cm³ of diethyl ether. 0.4 cm³ of a 0.2N solution of methanesulphonic acid in diethyl ether was added to this solution. After stirring for 1 hour at a temperature in the region of 20° C., the mixture was filtered. The solid was rinsed with 2 times 0.1 cm³ of diethyl ether. After drying the solid to constant weight under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 30° C. for 24 hours, 0.06 g of methanesulphonate salt of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A was obtained in the form of a white solid.

1H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO, δ in ppm) 1.21 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H, 8β CH₃), 1.29 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H, 7β CH₃), 1.69 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H, 1η CH₃), 1.99 (mt, 1H, 5β CH), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH₃ of the methanesulphonate), from 2.45 to 2.70 (mt, 2H, SCH₂ of the 2-dimethylaminoethylthio at 3a), 2.64, 2.80, 2.86, 2.93, 2.99, and 3.17 (6s, respectively 3H, 6H, 9H, 3H, 3H and 3H, 7 NCH₃ and NCH₃ of the 2-dimethylaminoethylthio at 3α), from 3.25 to 3.40 (mt, 2H, CH₂N of the 2-dimethylaminoethylthio at 3α), 3.99 (mt, 1H, 1β CH), 4.15 (mt, 1H, 7α CH), 4.26 (t, J=9 Hz, 1H, 5α CH), 4.42 (broad s, 1H, 1β at OH), 4.79 (mt, 1H, 8α CH), 4.89 (mt, 1H, 2α CH), from 5.00 to 5.15 (mt, 1H, α CH of a leucine), 5.11 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H, 11α CH), 5.23 (mt, 2H, 1α CH and α CH of a leucine), 5.33 (dd, J=10 and 5 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), from 5.30 to 5.50 and 5.62 (2 mts, each 1H, CH═CH), 5.48 (dd, J=11 and 5 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), 6.87 (s, 1H, 3α CH), 7.64 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 7), 8.24 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 2), 8.28 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H, CONN at 8), 8.68 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H, CONN at 5), 9.28 (unresolved peak, 1H, SO₃H of the methanesulphonate).

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of [(R)-methylthio-Sar]^(3-[)4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A

85 cm³ of tetrahydrofuran and 22.5 cm³ of toluene were introduced into a reactor, under a nitrogen atmosphere, maintained at −20° C., and comprising 19 g of hexamethyldisilazane lithium salt. 4.8 g of cyclosporin A were added in one portion with stirring, followed by 10 cm³ of tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at a temperature in the region of −20° C. and then 4.46 g of caesium chloride were added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then 5.8 g of dimethyl disulphide were added over approximately 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was brought to a temperature in the region of 25° C. over approximately 2 hours 30 minutes. After stirring for 4 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature in the region of −10° C. and 10 cm³ of acetic acid were run in. 75 cm³ of water were added without maintaining the temperature and then the organic phase was separated by settling. HPLC analysis with external standardization of the organic phase showed that the reaction mixture comprised 2.3 g of [(R)-methylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A, which corresponds to a molar yield of 46%.

[(R)-Methylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was isolated in the following way:

500 cm³ of water were added to the organic phase obtained above. 40 cm³ of 5N hydrochloric acid were run in with stirring over approximately 15 minutes. After stirring for 15 minutes, the organic phase was separated by settling and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 35° C. 6.3 g of crude [(R)-nnethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A were then obtained in the form of a yellowish foam.

A portion of 0.1 g of crude [(R)-methylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was purified by preparative silica thin layer chromatography (eluent: 65/25/10 dichloromethane/acetonitrile/2-propanol by volume). The silica comprising the expected product was removed and stirred with 5 cm³ of dichloromethane. After filtering and evaporating under reduced pressure (2.7 kPa) at a temperature in the region of 30° C., 0.035 g of [(R)-methylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A was obtained in the form of a colourless film.

¹H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppl ): 1.27 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H, 8β CH₃), 1.37 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H, 7β CH₃), 1.64 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H, 1η CH₃), from 1.65 to 1.80 and 2.41 (respectively mt and dd, J=15 and 6.5 Hz, each 1H, 4β CH₂), 2.17 (s, 3H, SCH₃), 2.47 (mt, 1H, 5β CH), 2.71, 3.13, 3.18, 3.27, 3.46, and 3.52 (6s, respectively 6H, 3H, 3H, 3H, and 3H, 7 NCH₃), 3.70 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H, OH at 1β), 3.78 (mt, 1H, 1β CH), 4.56 (mt, 1H, 7α CH), 4.67 (t, J=9 Hz, 1H, 5α CH), 4.86 (mt, 1H, 8α CH), 5.00 (dd, J=9 and 6 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), from 5.05 to 5.15 (mt, 2H, 2α CH and α CH of a leucine), 5.15 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H, 11α CH), from 5.25 to 5.40 (mt, 2H, CH═CH), 5.45 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H, 4α CH), 5.52 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H, 1α CH), 5.72 (dd, J=10.5 and 4 Hz, 1H, α CH of a leucine), 5.75 (s, 1H, 3α CH), 7.16 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H, CONH at 8), 7.52 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H, CONH at 5), 7.65 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 7), 7.94 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H, CONH at 2).

EXAMPLE 4

By carrying out the preparation in a way analogous to the method described in the preceding examples, the following products were prepared:

-   [(R)-2-aminoethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-ethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-isopropylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-t-butylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-phenylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-benzylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diisopropylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diallylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-aminopropylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-ethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-isopropylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-t-butylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-phenylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-benzylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-t-butylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diisopropylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diallylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(1-piperidyl)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-aminobutylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-ethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-isopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-t-butylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-phenylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-benzylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-isopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-t-butylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diisopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diallylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(1-piperidyl)butylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-amino-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(1-piperidyl-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-amino-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diethylamino)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(1-piperidyl)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(1-morpholino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(1-azetidino)ethylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-methylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-phenylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-benzylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]ethylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]ethylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(1-morpholino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(1-azetidino)propylthio-Sar]³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-methylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-phenylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-benzylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]propylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]propylthio-Sar}³-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-aminoethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-ethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-isopropylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-t-butylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-phenylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-benzylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-isopropylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-tert-butylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diisopropylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diallylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(1-piperidyl)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-aminopropylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-ethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]₄-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-tert-butylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-tert-butylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-phenylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-benzylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-t-butylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diethylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diisopropylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diallylamino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(1-piperidyl)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-aminobutylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-ethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-isopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-t-butylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-phenylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-benzylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-ethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-isopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-t-butylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-allylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N-methyl-N-benzylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diethylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diisopropylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(N,N-diallylamino)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-4-(1-piperidyl)butylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-amino-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(1-piperidyl)-2-methylpropylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-amino-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(N,N-diethylamino)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(1-piperidyl)-3-methylbutylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(1-morpholino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-2-(1-azetidino)ethylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-methylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-phenylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-benzylpiperazino)]ethylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]ethylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-2-[1-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]ethylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(1-morpholino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   [(R)-3-(1-azetidino)propylthio-Sar]³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-methylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-phenylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-benzylpiperazino)]propylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]propylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A; and -   {(R)-3-[1-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl)]propylthio-Sar}³-[4′-hydroxy-MeLeu]⁴-cyclosporin     A. 

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A method for preventing or treating a retrovirus infection or an associated syndrome, comprising administering to a mammal in need or desire thereof an effective amount of a cyclosporin derivative substituted at the 3-position having the formula:

in which: 2) the radicals R₁ to R₁₁ and Z₁ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A, with the exception of R₄ and Z₄, which are defined so as to have, at the 4-position, the amino acid 4′-hydroxy-methylleucine and R₃ is —S—CH₃ or a radical —S-Alk-R° in which: Alk is an alkylene radical comprising from 2 to 6 straight- or branched-chain carbon atoms or a cycloalkylene radical comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and R° is a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or alkyloxycarbonyl radical; or an —NG₁G₂ radical or a radical of formula:

as defined above; or 3) the radicals R₂ and R₅ to R₁₁, and Z₂ and Z₅ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and Z₁ is a methyl group and R₁ has the formula:

in which R is a radical of formula —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—R′, in which R′ is an alkylthio, aminoalkylthio, alkylaminoalkylthio, dialkylaminoalkylthio, pyrimidinylthio, thiazolylthio, N-alkylimidazolylthio, hydroxyalkylphenylthio, hydroxyalkylphenyloxy, nitrophenylamino, or 2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl radical; or R is a radical of formula —CH₂—S-Alk in which Alk is an alkyl group; and Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position, an amino acid methylleucine or 4′-hydroxy-methylleucine; and R₃ a radical of structure —S-Alk-R° in which: Alk is an alkylene radical comprising from 2 to 6 straight- or branched-chain carbon atoms or a cycloalkylene radical comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and R° is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or alkyloxycarbonyl radical; or an —NG₁G₂ radical in which G₁ and G₂, which are identical or different, are each  a hydrogen atom; or  a phenyl, cycloalkyl (C₃₋₆), or alkyl radical, each of which is optionally substituted by a halogen atom, or an alkyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino radical; or  a benzyl radical or a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclyl radical comprising 5 or 6 ring members and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms; or  G₁ and G₂ form with the nitrogen atom to which the are attached, a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle which can comprise another heteroatom chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur and which is optionally substituted by alkyl; or a radical of formula:

as defined above; or 4) Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a substituted homothreonine of formula: R_(i)—CH₂CH(CH₃)—CH(OH)—CH(NHCH₃)—COOH  (IIIb) in which R_(i) is n-propyl or propenyl; and R₂ and Z₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, norvaline, or threonine; and R₄ and Z₄ are radicals such that there is at the 4-position N-methyl-γ-hydroxyleucine or N-methyl-γ-acetyloxyleucine; and R₅ and Z₅ are radicals such that there is at the 5-position valine; and R₆, Z₆, R₉, Z₉, R₁₀ and Z₁₀ are radicals such that there is, at the 6-, 9-, and 10-positions, N-methylleucine; and Z₇ and R₇ are radicals such that there is, at the 7-position, alanine; and Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, D-alanine or D-serine; and Z₁₁ and R₁₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 11-position, N-methylvaline; and R₃ is a radical chosen from: straight or branched alkyl (C₂₋₆), alkenyl, or alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted by a hydroxyl, amino, C₁₋₄ alkylamino, C₁₋₃ dialkylamino, alkyloxy, or acyloxy group; COOG₄ or CONHG₄, in which G₄ is a straight or branched alkyl comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; —Y-G₅ in which Y is S or O, and G₅ is a straight or branched C₁ to C₄ alkyl, a straight or branched alkenyl, or a straight or branched alkynyl, and in which, if Y is S, G₅ can also be an aryl or a heteroaryl; a halo or cyano group; and CHG₆G₇, in which G₆ is a hydrogen atom or a methyl, ethyl, or phenyl group and G₇ is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl, halo, amino, C₁₋₄ alkylamino, C₁₋₄ dialkylamino, acyloxy, t-butoxycarbonylaminoethoxy-acetyloxy, or alkyloxycarbonyl group; or 5) the radicals R₇ to R₁₁ and Z₇ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, the amino acid MeBmt, dihydro-MeBmt, or 8′-hydroxy-MeBmt; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, the amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, valine, threonine, norvaline, or MeOThr; and Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position, the amino acid methylleucine, γ-hydroxy-MeLeu, Melle, MeVal, MeThr, MeAla, Mealle, or MeaThr; and Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, the amino acid valine, Leu, MeVal, or methylleucine; and Z₆ and R₆ are radicals such that there is, at the 6-position, the amino acid methylleucine, γ-hydroxy-MeLeu, or MeAla; and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position, an amino acid D-MeAla; provided that, when R₄ and Z₄ are MeLeu, then R₅ and Z₅ are MeVal or methylleucine, or R₁ and Z₁ are 8′-hydroxy-MeBmt; and one or more hydroxyl groups and optionally one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and optionally any other deprotonatable acidic group present in said formula (IV) are optionally deprotonated or in the protected form.
 16. (canceled)
 17. A method for treating a chronic inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a mammal in need or desire thereof an effective amount of a cyclosporin derivative substituted at the 3-position having the formula:

in which: Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, an methyl (4R)-4-[E-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine (MeBmt) radical or a radical having the formula:

in which R_(i) is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, a lower alkenyl, a lower haloalkyl, an aryl, a lower alkyloxy, an alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, a hydroxymethyl, a lower alkylthio, an alkylthioC₁₋₆alkyl, a C₁₋₆ mercaptoalkyl, or a heteroaryl; it being possible for the aryl and heteroaryl groups to be substituted with one or more functional groups chosen from: C₁₋₆ alkyl; C₁₋₆ alkanoyl; C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; halo; cyano; C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl; C₁₋₆ alkyloxy; C₁₋₆alkyl-S(O)_(n), where n=0, 1, or 2; NR_(b)COR_(c), in which R_(b) and R_(c) independently are H or a C₁₋₆ alkyl, —NO₂, —NR_(b)R_(c), —OR_(b), —CONR_(b)R_(c), —COR_(b), —NR_(b)CONR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)COR_(c), —OCOR_(b), —SCOR_(b), or —OCH₂O—; and R_(a) is a lower alkyl; and Z₁ is a lower alkyl, a lower phenylalkyl, or an aryl; and X is S, SO, SO₂, O, or NR_(b); and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, the amino acid L-2-aminobutyric acid, Norvaline, L-Thr, or the same amino acid as at the 1-position; and Z₄ and R₄ are radicals such that there is, at the 4-position, the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine; and Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, the amino acid L-valine or norvaline; and Z₆ and R₆ are radicals such that there is, at the 6-position, the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine; and Z₇ and R₇ are radicals such that there is, at the 7-position, the amino acid L-alanine, L-2-aminobutyric acid, or L-phenylalanine; and Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, the amino acid D-alanine or L-alanine; and Z₉ and R₉ are radicals such that there is, at the 9-position, the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine or N-methyl-L-valine; and Z₁₀ and R₁₀ are radicals such that there is, at the 10-position, the amino acid N-methyl-L-leucine or L-leucine; and Z₁₁ and R₁₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 11-position, the amino acid N-methyl-L-valine, L-valine, or L-2-aminobutyric acid; and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position, an α-(methylmercapto)sarcosyl or N-methyl-D-alanyl residue; and one or more hydroxyl groups and optionally one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and optionally any other deprotonatable acidic group present in said formula (IV) are optionally deprotonated or in the protected form.
 18. A method for preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or preventing rejection of a transplanted organ, comprising administering to a mammal in need or desire thereof an effective amount of a cyclosporin derivative substituted at the 3-position having the formula:

in which: 1) the radicals R₄ to R₁₁ and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, the amino acid MeBmt or dihydro-MeBmt; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, the amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, threonine, valine, or norvaline; and R₃ is a C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, mercaptoC₁₋₆alkyl, aminoC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino(C₁₋₄alkyl), nitroC₁₋₆alkyl, cyanoC₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₁₋₆alkylthio-(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇diazoalkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), carboxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₄alkyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₁₋₄alkanoyloxy)-(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₂₋₉alkoxycarbonyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl), C₂₋₇ alkylcarbonyl, C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆alkylthio, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkylthio, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyl, C₃₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₆alkynyl, haloC₃₋₆alkenyl, haloC₃₋₆alkynyl, hydroxyC₃₋₆alkenyl, aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), arylthio, heteroarylthio, aryl(C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino)(C₁₋₄alkyl), halo, or cyano radical, or a radical of formula Q-(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—CO—O—CH₂—, in which n is 1, 2, or 3 and Q is amino; or 2) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to Z₁₁ define a cyclosporin in which the 3′ carbon of the residue at the 1-position or the β carbon of the residue at the 2-position is substituted by O-acyl or oxo; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a residue of formula

in which —V—W— is CH₂—CH₂ or trans CH═CH and ACYL¹ is an acyl group; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, an amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, valine, threonine, norvaline, or a β-O-acylated α-amino acid; and Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, an amino acid valine or norvaline when there is simultaneously an amino acid norvaline at the 2-position; and Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, an amino acid D-alanine or a β-O-acylated or β-hydroxylated α-amino acid having the D configuration; and the radicals at the 4-, 6-, 7-, and 9- to 11-positions are defined as for cyclosporin A; and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position, an α-amino acid which is N-methylated at the α position and which has the D configuration; and one or more hydroxyl groups and optionally one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and optionally any other deprotonatable acidic group present in said formula (IV) are optionally deprotonated or in the protected form.
 19. A method for treating inflammation, comprising administering to a mammal in need or desire thereof an effective amount of a cyclosporin derivative substituted at the 3-position having the formula:

in which: 1) the radicals R₄ to R₁₁ and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, the amino acid MeBmt or dihydro-MeBmt; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, the amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, threonine, valine, or norvaline; and R₃ is a C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, mercaptoC₁₋₆alkyl, aminoC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino(C₁₋₄alkyl), nitroC₁₋₆alkyl, cyanoC₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₁₋₆alkylthio-(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇diazoalkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), carboxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₄alkyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₁₋₄alkanoyloxy)-(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₂₋₉alkoxycarbonyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl), C₂₋₇alkylcarbonyl, C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆alkylthio, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkylthio, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyl, C₃₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₆alkynyl, haloC₃₋₆alkenyl, haloC₃₋₆alkynyl, hydroxyC₃₋₆alkenyl, aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), arylthio, heteroarylthio, aryl(C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino)(C₁₋₄alkyl), halo, or cyano radical, or a radical of formula Q-(—CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—CO—O—CH₂—, in which n is 1, 2, or 3 and Q is amino; or 2) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to Z₁₁ define a cyclosporin in which the 3′ carbon of the residue at the 1-position or the β carbon of the residue at the 2-position is substituted by O-acyl or oxo; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a residue of formula

in which —V—W— is CH₂—CH₂ or trans CH═CH and ACYL¹ is an acyl group; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, an amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, valine, threonine, norvaline, or a β-O-acylated α-amino acid; and Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, an amino acid valine or norvaline when there is simultaneously an amino acid norvaline at the 2-position; and Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, an amino acid D-alanine or a β-O-acylated or β-hydroxylated α-amino acid having the D configuration; and the radicals at the 4-, 6-, 7-, and 9- to 11-positions are defined as for cyclosporin A; and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position, an α-amino acid which is N-methylated at the α position and which has the D configuration; and one or more hydroxyl groups and optionally one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and optionally any other deprotonatable acidic group present in said formula (IV) are optionally deprotonated or in the protected form.
 20. The method of claim 19, in which the inflammation is an arthritis or a rheumatic disease.
 21. A method for treating schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, coccidioidomycosis, or malaria, comprising administering to a mammal in need or desire thereof an effective amount of a cyclosporin derivative substituted at the 3-position having the formula:

in which: 1) the radicals R₄ to R₁₁ and Z₄ to Z₁₁ are defined as for cyclosporin A; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, the amino acid MeBmt or dihydro-MeBmt; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is, at the 2-position, the amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, threonine, valine, or norvaline; and R₃ is a C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, mercaptoC₁₋₆alkyl, aminoC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino(C₁₋₄alkyl), nitroC₁₋₆alkyl, cyanoC₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₁₋₆alkylthio-(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇diazoalkanoyloxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), carboxy(C₁₋₆alkyl), C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aminocarbonyl(C₁₋₄alkyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₁₋₄alkanoyloxy)-(C₁₋₄alkyl), amino(C₂₋₉alkoxycarbonyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl), C₂₋₇alkylcarbonyl, C₂₋₇alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆alkylthio, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkylthio, C₁₋₆alkoxy(C₁₋₆alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), C₂₋₁₁alkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), C₂₋₁₁aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylthio), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminocarbonyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphinyl), aminoalkanoyloxy(C₂₋₄alkylsulphonyl), aminocarbonyl, C₃₋₆alkenyl, C₃₋₆alkynyl, haloC₃₋₆alkenyl, haloC₃₋₆alkynyl, hydroxyC₃₋₆alkenyl, aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkenyl), hydroxylated aryl(C₃₋₆alkynyl), arylthio, heteroarylthio, aryl(C₂₋₅alkoxycarbonylamino)(C₁₋₄alkyl), halo, or cyano radical, or a radical of formula Q-(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(n)—CO—O—CH₂—, in which n is 1, 2, or 3 and Q is amino; or 2) the radicals R₁, R₂, and R₄ to R₁₁, and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₄ to Z₁₁ define a cyclosporin in which the 3′ carbon of the residue at the 1-position or the β carbon of the residue at the 2-position is substituted by O-acyl or oxo; and Z₁ and R₁ are radicals such that there is, at the 1-position, a residue of formula

in which —V—W— is CH₂—CH₂ or trans CH═CH and ACYL¹ is an acyl group; and Z₂ and R₂ are radicals such that there is at the 2-position, an amino acid α-aminobutyric acid, valine, threonine, norvaline, or a β-O-acylated α-amino acid; and Z₅ and R₅ are radicals such that there is, at the 5-position, an amino acid valine or norvaline when there is simultaneously an amino acid norvaline at the 2-position; and Z₈ and R₈ are radicals such that there is, at the 8-position, an amino acid D-alanine or a β-O-acylated or β-hydroxylated α-amino acid having the D configuration; and the radicals at the 4-, 6-, 7-, and 9- to 11-positions are defined as for cyclosporin A; and R₃ is a radical such that there is, at the 3-position, an α-amino acid which is N-methylated at the α position and which has the D configuration; and one or more hydroxyl groups and optionally one or more non-methylated nitrogen atoms at the α position and optionally any other deprotonatable acidic group present in said formula (IV) are optionally deprotonated or in the protected form.
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled) 